Sparklyr 1.7 is now available on CRAN!
To install sparklyr 1.7 from CRAN, run
install.packages("sparklyr")
In this blog post, we wish to present the following highlights from the sparklyr 1.7 release:
- Image and binary data sources
- New spark_apply() capabilities
- Better integration with sparklyr extensions
- Other exciting news
Image and binary data sources
As a unified analytics engine for large-scale data processing, Apache Spark is well-known for its ability to tackle challenges associated with the volume, velocity, and last but not least, the variety of big data. Therefore it is hardly surprising to see that – in response to recent advances in deep learning frameworks – Apache Spark has introduced built-in support for image data sources and binary data sources (in releases 2.4 and 3.0, respectively). The corresponding R interfaces for both data sources, namely, spark_read_image() and spark_read_binary(), were shipped recently as part of sparklyr 1.7.
The usefulness of data source functionalities such as spark_read_image() is perhaps best illustrated by a quick demo below, where spark_read_image(), through the standard Apache Spark ImageSchema, helps connecting raw image inputs to a sophisticated feature extractor and a classifier, forming a powerful Spark application for image classifications.
The demo
Photo by Daniel Tuttle on Unsplash
In this demo, we shall construct a scalable Spark ML pipeline capable of classifying images of cats and dogs accurately and efficiently, using spark_read_image() and a pre-trained convolutional neural network code-named Inception (Szegedy et al. (2015)).
The first step to building such a demo with maximum portability and repeatability is to create a sparklyr extension that accomplishes the following:
- Specifying the required MVN dependencies of this demo (namely, the Spark Deep Learning library (Databricks, Inc. (2019)), which contains an
Inception-V3-based image feature extractor accessible through the Spark ML Transformer interface) - Bundling with itself two randomly selected1 and disjoint subsets of the dogs-vs-cats dataset (Elson et al. (2007)) as train and test data, which are stored in the
extdata/{train,test}sub directories of the package)
A reference implementation of such a sparklyr extension can be found in here.
The second step, of course, is to make use of the above-mentioned sparklyr extension to perform some feature engineering. We will see very high-level features being extracted intelligently from each cat/dog image based on what the pre-built Inception-V3 convolutional neural network has already learned from classifying a much broader collection of images:
library(sparklyr)
library(sparklyr.deeperer)
# NOTE: the correct spark_home path to use depends on the configuration of the
# Spark cluster you are working with.
spark_home <- "/usr/lib/spark"
sc <- spark_connect(master = "yarn", spark_home = spark_home)
data_dir <- copy_images_to_hdfs()
# extract features from train- and test-data
image_data <- list()
for (x in c("train", "test")) {
# import
image_data[[x]] <- c("dogs", "cats") %>%
lapply(
function(label) {
numeric_label <- ifelse(identical(label, "dogs"), 1L, 0L)
spark_read_image(
sc, dir = file.path(data_dir, x, label, fsep = "/")
) %>%
dplyr::mutate(label = numeric_label)
}
) %>%
do.call(sdf_bind_rows, .)
dl_featurizer <- invoke_new(
sc,
"com.databricks.sparkdl.DeepImageFeaturizer",
random_string("dl_featurizer") # uid
) %>%
invoke("setModelName", "InceptionV3") %>%
invoke("setInputCol", "image") %>%
invoke("setOutputCol", "features")
image_data[[x]] <-
dl_featurizer %>%
invoke("transform", spark_dataframe(image_data[[x]])) %>%
sdf_register()
}
Third step: equipped with features that summarize the content of each image well, we can build a Spark ML pipeline that recognizes cats and dogs using only logistic regression2
label_col <- "label"
prediction_col <- "prediction"
pipeline <- ml_pipeline(sc) %>%
ml_logistic_regression(
features_col = "features",
label_col = label_col,
prediction_col = prediction_col
)
model <- pipeline %>% ml_fit(image_data$train)
Finally, we can evaluate the accuracy of this model on the test images:
predictions <- model %>%
ml_transform(image_data$test) %>%
dplyr::compute()
cat("Predictions vs. labels:\n")
predictions %>%
dplyr::select(!!label_col, !!prediction_col) %>%
print(n = sdf_nrow(predictions))
cat("\nAccuracy of predictions:\n")
predictions %>%
ml_multiclass_classification_evaluator(
label_col = label_col,
prediction_col = prediction_col,
metric_name = "accuracy"
) %>%
print()
## Predictions vs. labels:
## # Source: spark<?> [?? x 2]
## label prediction
## <int> <dbl>
## 1 1 1
## 2 1 1
## 3 1 1
## 4 1 1
## 5 1 1
## 6 1 1
## 7 1 1
## 8 1 1
## 9 1 1
## 10 1 1
## 11 0 0
## 12 0 0
## 13 0 0
## 14 0 0
## 15 0 0
## 16 0 0
## 17 0 0
## 18 0 0
## 19 0 0
## 20 0 0
##
## Accuracy of predictions:
## [1] 1New spark_apply() capabilities
Optimizations & custom serializers
Many sparklyr users who have tried to run spark_apply() or doSpark to parallelize R computations among Spark workers have probably encountered some challenges arising from the serialization of R closures. In some scenarios, the serialized size of the R closure can become too large, often due to the size of the enclosing R environment required by the closure. In other scenarios, the serialization itself may take too much time, partially offsetting the performance gain from parallelization. Recently, multiple optimizations went into sparklyr to address those challenges. One of the optimizations was to make good use of the broadcast variable construct in Apache Spark to reduce the overhead of distributing shared and immutable task states across all Spark workers. In sparklyr 1.7, there is also support for custom spark_apply() serializers, which offers more fine-grained control over the trade-off between speed and compression level of serialization algorithms. For example, one can specify
options(sparklyr.spark_apply.serializer = "qs")
,
which will apply the default options of qs::qserialize() to achieve a high compression level, or
,
which will aim for faster serialization speed with less compression.
Inferring dependencies automatically
In sparklyr 1.7, spark_apply() also provides the experimental auto_deps = TRUE option. With auto_deps enabled, spark_apply() will examine the R closure being applied, infer the list of required R packages, and only copy the required R packages and their transitive dependencies to Spark workers. In many scenarios, the auto_deps = TRUE option will be a significantly better alternative compared to the default packages = TRUE behavior, which is to ship everything within .libPaths() to Spark worker nodes, or the advanced packages = <package config> option, which requires users to supply the list of required R packages or manually create a spark_apply() bundle.
Better integration with sparklyr extensions
Substantial effort went into sparklyr 1.7 to make lives easier for sparklyr extension authors. Experience suggests two areas where any sparklyr extension can go through a frictional and non-straightforward path integrating with sparklyr are the following:
We will elaborate on recent progress in both areas in the sub-sections below.
Customizing the dbplyr SQL translation environment
sparklyr extensions can now customize sparklyr’s dbplyr SQL translations through the spark_dependency() specification returned from spark_dependencies() callbacks. This type of flexibility becomes useful, for instance, in scenarios where a sparklyr extension needs to insert type casts for inputs to custom Spark UDFs. We can find a concrete example of this in sparklyr.sedona, a sparklyr extension to facilitate geo-spatial analyses using Apache Sedona. Geo-spatial UDFs supported by Apache Sedona such as ST_Point() and ST_PolygonFromEnvelope() require all inputs to be DECIMAL(24, 20) quantities rather than DOUBLEs. Without any customization to sparklyr’s dbplyr SQL variant, the only way for a dplyr query involving ST_Point() to actually work in sparklyr would be to explicitly implement any type cast needed by the query using dplyr::sql(), e.g.,
.
This would, to some extent, be antithetical to dplyr’s goal of freeing R users from laboriously spelling out SQL queries. Whereas by customizing sparklyr’s dplyr SQL translations (as implemented in here and here ), sparklyr.sedona allows users to simply write
my_geospatial_sdf <- my_geospatial_sdf %>% dplyr::mutate(pt = ST_Point(x, y))
instead, and the required Spark SQL type casts are generated automatically.
Improved interface for invoking Java/Scala functions
In sparklyr 1.7, the R interface for Java/Scala invocations saw a number of improvements.
With previous versions of sparklyr, many sparklyr extension authors would run into trouble when attempting to invoke Java/Scala functions accepting an Array[T] as one of their parameters, where T is any type bound more specific than java.lang.Object / AnyRef. This was because any array of objects passed through sparklyr’s Java/Scala invocation interface will be interpreted as simply an array of java.lang.Objects in absence of additional type information. For this reason, a helper function jarray() was implemented as part of sparklyr 1.7 as a way to overcome the aforementioned problem. For example, executing
will assign to arr a reference to an Array[MyClass] of length 5, rather than an Array[AnyRef]. Subsequently, arr becomes suitable to be passed as a parameter to functions accepting only Array[MyClass]s as inputs. Previously, some possible workarounds of this sparklyr limitation included changing function signatures to accept Array[AnyRef]s instead of Array[MyClass]s, or implementing a “wrapped” version of each function accepting Array[AnyRef] inputs and converting them to Array[MyClass] before the actual invocation. None of such workarounds was an ideal solution to the problem.
Another similar hurdle that was addressed in sparklyr 1.7 as well involves function parameters that must be single-precision floating point numbers or arrays of single-precision floating point numbers. For those scenarios, jfloat() and jfloat_array() are the helper functions that allow numeric quantities in R to be passed to sparklyr’s Java/Scala invocation interface as parameters with desired types.
In addition, while previous verisons of sparklyr failed to serialize parameters with NaN values correctly, sparklyr 1.7 preserves NaNs as expected in its Java/Scala invocation interface.
Other exciting news
There are numerous other new features, enhancements, and bug fixes made to sparklyr 1.7, all listed in the NEWS.md file of the sparklyr repo and documented in sparklyr’s HTML reference pages. In the interest of brevity, we will not describe all of them in great detail within this blog post.
Acknowledgement
In chronological order, we would like to thank the following individuals who have authored or co-authored pull requests that were part of the sparklyr 1.7 release:
We’re also extremely grateful to everyone who has submitted feature requests or bug reports, many of which have been tremendously helpful in shaping sparklyr into what it is today.
Furthermore, the author of this blog post is indebted to @skeydan for her awesome editorial suggestions. Without her insights about good writing and story-telling, expositions like this one would have been less readable.
If you wish to learn more about sparklyr, we recommend visiting sparklyr.ai, spark.rstudio.com, and also reading some previous sparklyr release posts such as sparklyr 1.6 and sparklyr 1.5.
That is all. Thanks for reading!
Fun exercise for our readers: why not experiment with different subsets of cats-vs-dogs images for training and testing, or even better, replace train and test images with your own images of cats and dogs, and see what happens?↩︎
Another way to see why it works: in fact the pre-built
Inception-based feature extractor simply applies all transformationsInceptionwould have applied to its input, except for the last logistic-regression-esque affine transformation plus non-linearity producing the final categorical output, andInceptionis a highly successful convolutional neural network trained to recognize 1000 categories of animals and objects, including multiple types of cats and dogs.↩︎